abstract：:The class of chemicals known as the "organophosphates" (OPs) comprises many of the most common agricultural and commercial pesticides that are used worldwide as well as the highly toxic chemical warfare agents. The mechanism of the acute toxicity of OPs in both target and non-target organisms is primarily attributed t...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Terry AV Jr

更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Patients of congenital diseases such as Down syndrome (DS) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) have abnormalities in their chromosomes and/or genes. Therefore, it has been considered that drug treatments can serve to do little for these patients more than to patch over each symptom temporarily when it arises. Althou...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Ogawa Y,Hagiwara M

更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Drug candidate and toxicity screening processes currently rely on results from early-stage in vitro cell-based assays expected to faithfully represent essential aspects of in vivo pharmacology and toxicology. Several in vitro designs are optimized for high throughput to benefit screening efficiencies, allowing the ent...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Astashkina A,Mann B,Grainger DW

更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since its commercial advent in 1985, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a technique for stimulating neurons in the cerebral cortex through the scalp, safely and with minimal discomfort, has captured the imaginations of scientists, clinicians and lay observers. Initially a laboratory tool for neurophysiologists s...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Wassermann EM,Zimmermann T

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Progranulin (PGRN) is abundantly expressed in epithelial cells, immune cells, neurons, and chondrocytes, and reportedly contributes to tumorigenesis. PGRN is a crucial mediator of wound healing and tissue repair. PGRN also functions as a neurotrophic factor and mutations in the PGRN gene resulting in partial loss of t...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Liu CJ,Bosch X

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a growing clinical problem associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Development of safe and effective pharmacological treatments for AF is one of the greatest unmet medical needs facing our society. In spite of significant progress in non-pharmacological AF treatments (largely due...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Burashnikov A,Antzelevitch C

更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Current treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection is effective, although it does not permanently suppress viral replication in all patients. Viral persistence, drug toxicity, and antiretroviral resistance are challenging barriers to successful treatment of HIV-1 infection. It has become increasingl...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Minuesa G,Huber-Ruano I,Pastor-Anglada M,Koepsell H,Clotet B,Martinez-Picado J

更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the 1980s, Bowery and colleagues discovered the presence of a novel, bicuculline-resistant and baclofen-sensitive type of GABA receptor on peripheral nerve terminals, the GABA(B) receptor. Since this pioneering work, GABA(B) receptors have been identified in the Central Nervous System (CNS), where they provide an i...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Gaiarsa JL,Kuczewski N,Porcher C

更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Common arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation (AF) and ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF) are a major public health concern. Classic antiarrhythmic (AA) drugs for AF are of limited effectiveness, and pose the risk of life-threatening VT/VF. For VT/VF, implantable cardiac defibrillators appear to be th...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Thireau J,Pasquié JL,Martel E,Le Guennec JY,Richard S

更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since the first reports on chemokine function, much information has been generated on the implications of these molecules in numerous physiological and pathological processes, as well as on the signaling events activated through their binding to receptors. Despite these extensive studies, no chemokine-related drugs ha...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Muñoz LM,Lucas P,Holgado BL,Barroso R,Vega B,Rodríguez-Frade JM,Mellado M

更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases. Interleukin (IL)-33 is a new member of the IL-1 family of cytokines that promotes Th2 type immune responses by signaling through the ST2L and IL-1RAcP dimeric receptor complex. Furthermore, the biological e...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Miller AM,Liew FY

更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Progress in methods of investigating endothelial function in humans has led to the demonstration that endothelial dysfunction is an early process involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, and represents a new independent therapeutic target that may help to improve patient health. The administration o...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Bellien J,Joannides R,Richard V,Thuillez C

更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Exacerbations of asthma are the main cause of asthma morbidity. They induce acute respiratory failure, and sometimes death. Two immunological signals acting in synergy are necessary for inducing asthma exacerbations. The first, triggered by allergens and/or unknown agents leads to the chronic Th2 inflammation characte...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Botturi K,Langelot M,Lair D,Pipet A,Pain M,Chesne J,Hassoun D,Lacoeuille Y,Cavaillès A,Magnan A

更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) are a potential life-threatening disease with limited pharmacological treatment options. Current treatment options are aimed at lowering aortic hemodynamic stress, predominantly with β-adrenoceptor blockers. Increasing evidence supports a role for the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in ...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Moltzer E,Essers J,van Esch JH,Roos-Hesselink JW,Danser AH

更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:For many years, warfarin was the only effective oral anticoagulant to prevent and treat thromboembolism. Nevertheless, its clinical use is limited by a narrow therapeutic window, extensive drug interactions, need of strict dietary control and frequent monitoring. The pharmacological response is also unpredictable and ...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Ma TK,Yan BP,Lam YY

更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder. Major characteristics observed in alcoholics during an initial period of alcohol abstinence are altered physiological functions and a negative emotional state. Evidence suggests that a persistent, cumulative adaptation involving a kindling/allostasis-like process occurs duri...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Breese GR,Sinha R,Heilig M

更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several types of stem and progenitor cells are currently under investigation for their potential to accomplish vascular regeneration. This review focuses on embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We will discuss the technologies allowing for their derivation, culture expansion and main...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Kane NM,Xiao Q,Baker AH,Luo Z,Xu Q,Emanueli C

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nitric oxide (NO) exerts a variety of biological actions under both physiological and pathological conditions. NO is synthesized by three distinct NO synthase (NOS) isoforms, including neuronal (nNOS), inducible (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS), all of which are expressed in the human cardiovascular system. The role...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Tsutsui M,Shimokawa H,Otsuji Y,Yanagihara N

更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lithium has been used clinically to treat bipolar disorder for over half a century, and remains a fundamental pharmacological therapy for patients with this illness. Although lithium's therapeutic mechanisms are not fully understood, substantial in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that it has neuroprotective/neurot...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Chiu CT,Chuang DM

更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Thioredoxin 1 (Trx 1) is a 12-kDa protein with redox-active dithiol in the active site -Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys- that is ubiquitously present in the human body. Trx 1 is a defensive protein induced by various stresses and has anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. The anti-oxidative effect of Trx 1 is m...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Watanabe R,Nakamura H,Masutani H,Yodoi J

更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nitric oxide (NO) formed via endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) plays crucial roles in the regulation of blood flow through vasodilatation and decreased vascular resistance in various organs and tissues. NO derived from eNOS also contributes to the inhibition of platelet aggregation, adhesi...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Toda N,Imamura T,Okamura T

更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Gender differences in cardiac electrophysiology were reported for the first time almost a century ago. The importance for safety pharmacology became significant when modern medicine came into use and women appeared to be more susceptible to drug-induced Torsade de Pointes (TdP). To unravel the underlying mec...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Jonsson MK,Vos MA,Duker G,Demolombe S,van Veen TA

更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aside from their pharmacokinetic properties, e.g. their speed of action and the duration of residual effects, benzodiazepines are still considered as equivalent in terms of their effects on cognition. Here we review evidence suggesting that certain benzodiazepines, especially lorazepam, differ in a number of respects,...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Giersch A,Boucart M,Elliott M,Vidailhet P

更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the commonest cause of progressive neurological disability amongst young, Caucasian adults. MS is considered to be an auto-immune disease that results from an attack against myelin, the layer which surrounds axons. The pathophysiology of MS is complex, with both demyelination and axonal dege...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Van der Walt A,Butzkueven H,Kolbe S,Marriott M,Alexandrou E,Gresle M,Egan G,Kilpatrick T

更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death in the developed countries. Taking into account the mounting evidence about the role of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in cardiovascular physiology, CYP polymorphisms can be considered one of the major determinants of individual susceptibility to CVDs. On...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Zordoky BN,El-Kadi AO

更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The aim of the present paper was to present an overview of the current status of the methods used to predict the magnitude of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) which are caused by apparent changes in cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity with an emphasis on a method using in vivo information. In addition, more th...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Hisaka A,Ohno Y,Yamamoto T,Suzuki H

更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Organic anion transporters (OATs), which belong to the superfamily SLC22A, are key determinants in the absorption, distribution, and excretion of a diverse array of environmental toxins, and clinically important drugs, and, therefore, are critical for the survival of mammalian species. Alteration in the function of th...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Duan P,You G

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Over the past 15 years, novel pharmacologic treatments for the management of HIV/AIDS and severe mental illness have changed the prognosis and quality of life for millions of patients throughout the world. In HIV-infected patients, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has altered this epidemic in many countrie...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Vergara-Rodriguez P,Vibhakar S,Watts J

更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In recent years there has been an explosion of interest in how genes regulate alcohol drinking and contribute to alcoholism. This work has been stimulated by the completion of the human and mouse genome projects and the resulting availability of gene microarrays. Most of this work has been performed in drinking animal...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Pignataro L,Varodayan FP,Tannenholz LE,Harrison NL

更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Known treatments of type 2 diabetes mellitus have limitations such as weight gain, and hypoglycaemias. A new perspective is the use of incretin hormones and incretin enhancers. Incretins are defined as being responsible for the higher insulin release after an oral glucose load compared to an intravenous glucose load. ...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Verspohl EJ

更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since the first description of their opioid properties three decades ago, dynorphins have increasingly been thought to play a regulatory role in numerous functional pathways of the brain. Dynorphins are members of the opioid peptide family and preferentially bind to kappa opioid receptors. In line with their localizat...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Schwarzer C

更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cardiac ryanodine receptor-Ca2+ release channel (RyR2) is an essential sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) transmembrane protein that plays a central role in excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) in cardiomyocytes. Aberrant spontaneous, diastolic Ca2+ leak from the SR due to dysfunctional RyR2 contributes to the formation...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Blayney LM,Lai FA

更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The importance of regular administration of antiplatelet drugs in patients suffering from coronary artery disease stands on firm grounds, as large meta-analyses have shown these therapies to drastically reduce the risk of death. Although the current guidelines published jointly by the American Heart Association, the A...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Lordkipanidzé M,Diodati JG,Pharand C

更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Injury to peripheral or spinal nerves following either trauma or disease has several consequences including the development of neuropathic pain. This syndrome is often refractory against conventional analgesics; and thus, novel medicaments are desired for its treatment. Recent studies have emphasized that dysfunction ...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Dohi T,Morita K,Kitayama T,Motoyama N,Morioka N

更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Synaptic inhibition plays a key role in regulating neuronal excitability and information processing in the brain. The strength of synaptic inhibition is therefore an important determinant of both cellular and network activity levels in the central nervous system (CNS). gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Arancibia-Cárcamo IL,Kittler JT

更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:For many years, acid-suppressive therapy has been at the forefront of treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), yet despite the advent of the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) some patients continue to experience persistent GERD symptoms. Therapeutic (non-surgical) options for such patients are currently limited. T...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Lehmann A

更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Fish oil supplementation has been reported to be generally beneficial in autoimmune, inflammatory and cardiovascular disorders. Most researchers have attributed these beneficial effects to the high content of omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil (FO). The effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Gorjão R,Azevedo-Martins AK,Rodrigues HG,Abdulkader F,Arcisio-Miranda M,Procopio J,Curi R

更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Biogenic amine transporters for serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine (SERT, NET and DAT respectively), are the key players terminating transmission of these amines in the central nervous system by their high-affinity uptake. They are also major targets for many antidepressant drugs. Interestingly however, drugs targ...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Daws LC

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a progressive, fatal disease. Current treatments including prostanoids, endothelin-1 (ET-1) antagonists, and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, have sought to address the pulmonary vascular endothelial dysfunction and vasoconstriction associated with the condition. These treatments ...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Rhodes CJ,Davidson A,Gibbs JS,Wharton J,Wilkins MR

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Decades of research have established that the biological functions of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) extend far beyond its role as a regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Gary et al. [Gary, K.A., Sevarino, K.A., Yarbrough, G.G., Prange, A.J. Jr., Winokur, A. (2003). The thyrotropin-releasing hormo...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Kamath J,Yarbrough GG,Prange AJ Jr,Winokur A

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00